Papers with fine-tuning techniques
Fine-tuning Large Language Models with Limited Data: A Survey and Practical Guide (2026.tacl-1)
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| Challenge: | Pre-trained language models provide strong foundations, but effective adaptation under data scarcity requires efficient and efficient fine-tuning techniques. |
| Approach: | They propose to review parameter-efficient fine-tuning techniques that lower training and deployment costs and domain and cross-lingual adaptation methods for both encoder and decoder models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed techniques lower training and deployment costs, domain and cross-lingual adaptation methods, and model specialization strategies. |
Multi-split Reversible Transformers Can Enhance Neural Machine Translation (2021.eacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Large-scale transformers have been shown to improve neural machine translation performance but training these wider and deeper networks could be extremely memory intensive. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-split based reversible transformer and a backpropagation algorithm that does not need to store activations for most layers. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms the vanilla transformer by at least 1.4 BLEU points in three datasets. |
A Comparative Analysis of Conversational Large Language Models in Knowledge-Based Text Generation (2024.eacl-short)
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| Challenge: | Generating natural language text from graph-structured data is essential for conversational information seeking. |
| Approach: | They conduct an empirical analysis of conversational large language models in generating natural language text from semantic triples using a WebNLG dataset. |
| Outcome: | The proposed models improve their ability to generate natural language text from semantic triples using few-shot prompting, post-processing, and efficient fine-tuning techniques. |
Fine-Tuning Large Language Models for Stock Return Prediction Using Newsflow (2024.emnlp-industry)
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| Challenge: | Quantitative investing relies on extracting quantitative features or signals from various data sources including market prices, economic indicators, financial text, etc. |
| Approach: | They propose to integrate LLMs’ token-level embeddings into a forecasting module and compare their results to those of encoder-only and decoder-based models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms conventional sentiment scores on multiple investment universes and is based on encoder-only and decoder-based models. |
Contextual Refinement of Translations: Large Language Models for Sentence and Document-Level Post-Editing (2024.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Large language models have demonstrated considerable success in various natural language processing tasks, but their performance in NMT tasks is still underexplored. |
| Approach: | They propose to use LLMs as automatic post-editors rather than direct translators to improve BLEU and COMET performance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach improves BLEU but COMET performance compared to in-context learning. |
HyPe: Better Pre-trained Language Model Fine-tuning with Hidden Representation Perturbation (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing techniques to fine-tune pre-trained language models on downstream tasks are inadequate. |
| Approach: | They propose a technique to perturb hidden Transformers representations by enhancing generalization of hidden representations from different layers. |
| Outcome: | The proposed technique outperforms vanilla fine-tuning and enhances generalization of hidden representations from different layers. |
Parameter-Efficient Language Model Tuning with Active Learning in Low-Resource Settings (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Pre-trained language models (PLMs) have ignited a surge in demand for effective fine-tuning techniques . data labeling is notoriously time-consuming and expensive, hindering the development of sizable labeled datasets . |
| Approach: | They propose to use active learning to reduce labeling costs by minimizing label complexity . they find PEFT adapter modules have significant potential in low-resource settings . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms FFT in low-resource settings and shows that it yields more stable representations of early and middle layers than FFT. |
Enhancing the Reasoning Capabilities of Small Language Models via Solution Guidance Fine-Tuning (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a new reasoning strategy Solution Guidance (SG) and a plug-and-play training paradigm Solution-Guidance Fine-Tuning (SGFT) which focuses on problem understanding and decomposition at the semantic and logical levels, rather than specific computations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed reasoning strategy Solution Guidance (SG) and plug-and-play training paradigm Solution-Guidance Fine-Tuning (SGFT) improves the reasoning capabilities of small language models on various reasoning tasks. |
TL-CL: Task And Language Incremental Continual Learning (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | a multilingual model is periodically updated to accommodate new tasks in previously learned languages or new languages for established tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose an adapter-based parameter-efficient fine-tuning strategy for continual learning in multilingual models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms other parameter-efficient approaches without access to historical data for replay. |
Flexora: Flexible Low-Rank Adaptation for Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized artificial intelligence, but performance on specific tasks is limited by knowledge boundaries. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that automatically selects the most critical layers for fine-tuning to optimize performance across diverse downstream tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms baseline models and natural language tasks. |
CONTRASTE: Supervised Contrastive Pre-training With Aspect-based Prompts For Aspect Sentiment Triplet Extraction (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies on Aspect Sentiment Triplet Extraction focus on developing more efficient techniques for the task, but our proposed approach can improve the downstream performance of multiple ABSA tasks simultaneously. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel approach that uses contrastive learning to enhance the ASTE performance by masked sentiments. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach improves the performance of multiple ABSA tasks simultaneously. |
ELBA-Bench: An Efficient Learning Backdoor Attacks Benchmark for Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing backdoor models are limited in coverage of attack, system integrity and backdoor alignment . ELBA-Bench provides over 1300 experiments encompassing 12 attack methods, 18 datasets, and 12 LLMs. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that allows attackers to inject backdoor through parameter efficient fine-tuning or without fine-uning techniques. |
| Outcome: | ELBA-Bench provides over 1300 experiments encompassing 12 attack methods, 18 datasets, and 12 LLMs. |
Dissecting Clinical Reasoning in Natural Language Inference for Large Language Models (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies on large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the impact of prompting strategies and fine-tuning techniques on their reasoning capabilities. |
| Approach: | They examine four classes of prompting strategies to elicit reasoning in large language models . they then construct demonstrations using a frontier model to distil multi-step reasoning capabilities into smaller models based on Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA). |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves in 75% of the models on MedNLI and TREC Clinical Trials. |
Leveraging Cognitive Complexity of Texts for Contextualization in Dense Retrieval (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to estimate semantic similarity of queries and documents rely on token-level information derived from query/document interactions. |
| Approach: | They propose a new DRM that leverages query/document interactions based on full embedding representations generated by a Transformer-based model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms fine-tuning techniques on lightweight bi-encoders and traditional late-interaction models. |
PO-KGQA: Preference Optimization for Low-Resource Complex Knowledge Graph Question Answering (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing low-resource in-context learning-based knowledge graph question answering methods rely heavily on large language models to convert natural language questions into logical forms. |
| Approach: | They propose a low-resource in-context learning-based knowledge graph question answering (KGQA) that uses large language models to convert a natural language question into its corresponding logical form. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms other methods on complex benchmarks by approximately 9% (avg). |